Everything You Need To Know About Cranberry Benefits, Uses & Side Effects

Cranberries are more than just a colorful addition to your Thanksgiving dinner plate. These tiny, tart berries are packed with a wealth of health benefits and have a fascinating history.

Scientifically known as Vaccinium macrocarpon, Cranberry belongs to the Ericaceae family. They are native to North America and are primarily found in the cooler regions of the United States and Canada. These small, round berries are known for their distinctive deep red color and slightly sour taste.

Nutritional Powerhouse

Cranberries are not only delightful to the taste buds but are also a nutritional powerhouse. They are low in calories and packed with essential nutrients. One cup of raw cranberries contains just 46 calories but provides 24% of your daily recommended vitamin C intake, crucial for a healthy immune system. They are also a good source of dietary fiber, vitamin E, and vitamin K.

Cranberries are celebrated for their high content of antioxidants, particularly flavonoids and polyphenols. These antioxidants play a significant role in protecting our bodies from harmful free radicals, reducing the risk of chronic diseases, and contributing to a radiant, youthful appearance.

Unique Phytochemicals

Cranberries are famous for their unique phytochemicals called proanthocyanidins. These compounds are believed to be the secret behind many of the health benefits of cranberries. Proanthocyanidins are thought to prevent the adhesion of certain bacteria, including E. coli, to the urinary tract lining, which may reduce the risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs).

In addition to proanthocyanidins, cranberries contain quercetin, myricetin, and ursolic acid, which have various potential health benefits, from reducing inflammation to inhibiting the growth of cancer cells.

A Rich Source of Vitamins and Minerals

Beyond their antioxidant properties, cranberries are a source of essential vitamins and minerals. In fact, they are a good source of vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin K, and manganese. These nutrients are vital for overall health, supporting functions such as skin health, blood clotting, and bone maintenance.

Cranberry Products

Cranberries are incredibly versatile and can be found in various forms. You’ll commonly see cranberry products like cranberry juice, cranberry sauce, and dried cranberries. These products often retain some of the berry’s nutrients, but it’s essential to check labels for added sugars or preservatives, as these can detract from their health benefits.

Cultural and historical uses of Cranberry

Cranberries aren’t just a modern dietary delight; they have a rich history of use by various cultures throughout the ages.

Native American Heritage

Cranberries have deep roots in the traditions of Native American tribes, particularly the Algonquian-speaking people. They introduced European settlers to this unique fruit. Native Americans used cranberries in various ways:

• Food: Cranberries were a valuable source of nutrition. They ate the berries fresh, dried them to preserve them for the winter, and mixed them with game meats.
• Medicine: Native Americans recognized the medicinal properties of cranberries. They used them to treat wounds, as a poultice for arrow wounds, and as a remedy for various ailments.
• Dye: Cranberries were also used to create a reddish-purple dye for clothing and textiles.

Colonial America and Beyond

As European settlers arrived in North America, they learned from the Native Americans about the many uses of cranberries. It was common for early settlers to incorporate cranberries into their diets, making cranberry sauce and other dishes.

During the American Revolutionary War, cranberries gained recognition as a source of vitamin C, helping to prevent scurvy among the troops. This historical use highlights the importance of cranberries not just for their unique flavor but also for their nutritional value.

Cranberries in the Civil War

Cranberries continued to be a vital dietary component during the American Civil War, providing a source of essential nutrients for the soldiers. They were also known for their role in preserving meat. Cranberries’ natural acidity acted as a preservative, allowing meats to be stored for more extended periods.

Cranberries in Modern Times

The cranberry industry has come a long way since its humble beginnings. In the mid-1800s, cranberries started to be cultivated commercially. Today, cranberries are a staple on holiday tables, enjoyed in various forms, from juices and sauces to jams and dried snacks.

Cranberries Worldwide

Cranberries have transcended their North American origins to become a global phenomenon. They are grown in countries such as Canada, Chile, and Europe. Cranberry production extends beyond consumption; cranberries are used in various products like cosmetics, medicines, and even wine.

Cranberries in Thanksgiving Traditions

No discussion of cranberries is complete without a nod to their starring role in Thanksgiving feasts. Cranberry sauce is a staple on Thanksgiving tables across the United States. The sweet-tart sauce perfectly complements the savory turkey, and it has become an iconic part of this beloved holiday meal.

Spiritual and ceremonial significance of Cranberry

Cranberries, beyond their culinary and medicinal uses, hold a special place in the spiritual and ceremonial practices of various cultures.

Native American Spirituality

In Native American cultures, cranberries are often associated with spirituality and the natural world. These berries have played essential roles in rituals and ceremonies:

• Offerings: Cranberries were used as offerings to the spirits and deities as a sign of gratitude for the bountiful harvests. They were seen as a sacred gift from the earth.
• Healing Ceremonies: Cranberries were used in healing ceremonies to ward off evil spirits and promote wellness. Their natural antioxidants were thought to cleanse both the body and spirit.
• Fertility Rituals: Some tribes used cranberries in fertility rituals, believing that their abundance and vitality would bring about fertile lands and successful reproduction.

The Wampanoag Nation

One of the most well-known associations of cranberries with spirituality is in the Wampanoag Nation. The Wampanoag people, who played a significant role in the history of the Thanksgiving holiday, considered cranberries to be a symbol of peace and thanksgiving.

European Traditions

As cranberries became more widely cultivated, they also found a place in European traditions. In some regions, they were considered “peace berries” and used in wedding ceremonies to symbolize the couple’s hopes for a harmonious and peaceful life together.

Cranberries in Modern Celebrations

Cranberries continue to hold a special place in modern celebrations. While not explicitly tied to spiritual or ceremonial traditions, their presence in gatherings like Thanksgiving and Christmas symbolizes unity, gratitude, and the joys of communal feasting.

Cultural and Symbolic Significance

Cranberries are often used in the decoration of homes during the holiday season. Their deep red color is a visual representation of love and warmth, making them a popular choice for festive decor.

Harvest Festivals

Around the world, cranberries have become synonymous with harvest festivals. The act of gathering cranberries from the vine has a sense of ritual, much like the harvest celebrations of old. These festivals often include cranberry-related games, foods, and traditions, paying homage to the historical and spiritual significance of the fruit.

What are the potential medicinal benefits of Cranberry?

Cranberries are not just a delightful addition to your meals; they also offer a wide range of potential medicinal benefits. Let’s explore how cranberries can positively impact your health and wellness in various ways, backed by scientific research.

Urinary Tract Health

One of the most well-known and extensively studied benefits of cranberries is their ability to support urinary tract health. The high levels of proanthocyanidins in cranberries are believed to help prevent the adhesion of certain bacteria, such as E. coli, to the urinary tract lining. This makes it more difficult for these bacteria to cause infections, such as urinary tract infections (UTIs).

Studies have shown that cranberry products, such as cranberry juice and capsules, may be effective in reducing the frequency of UTIs, particularly in women. Regular consumption of cranberry products can be a helpful preventive measure for those prone to recurrent UTIs.

Digestive Health

Cranberries are rich in dietary fiber, which is essential for good digestive health. Fiber helps regulate bowel movements and can prevent constipation. It also provides a feeling of fullness, which can aid in weight management. Furthermore, the antioxidants in cranberries may have anti-inflammatory effects, potentially benefiting the digestive tract.

Oral Health

Cranberries have been explored for their potential benefits to oral health. Some studies suggest that compounds in cranberries may inhibit the adhesion of oral bacteria to teeth and gums. This could potentially help prevent dental cavities and gum disease.

Heart Health

The antioxidants found in cranberries, especially proanthocyanidins, may have a positive impact on heart health. These compounds have been associated with reduced blood pressure and improved cholesterol levels. Regular consumption of cranberries may contribute to a lower risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Anti-Inflammatory Properties

Cranberries contain various antioxidants, which are known for their anti-inflammatory properties. Chronic inflammation is linked to various health issues, including arthritis, heart disease, and cancer. Consuming cranberries regularly can help combat inflammation and reduce the risk of these conditions.

Cancer Prevention

Some studies have explored the potential of cranberries in cancer prevention. The antioxidants in cranberries, such as quercetin and myricetin, have been associated with inhibiting the growth of cancer cells and preventing the spread of tumors. While more research is needed, cranberries may play a role in reducing the risk of certain types of cancer.

Skin Health

The vitamins and antioxidants in cranberries contribute to healthy, glowing skin. Vitamin C, in particular, is essential for collagen production, which helps maintain skin’s elasticity and firmness. The antioxidants in cranberries also protect the skin from damage caused by free radicals, potentially slowing down the aging process.

Weight Management

Cranberries are a low-calorie, high-fiber food, making them an excellent addition to a weight management plan. The fiber content helps control appetite, and the low-calorie count allows for guilt-free snacking.

Diabetes Management

Some research suggests that cranberries may help regulate blood sugar levels. The antioxidants in cranberries can improve insulin sensitivity and reduce the risk of diabetes-related complications. However, it’s essential for individuals with diabetes to monitor their blood sugar levels and consult with a healthcare professional when incorporating cranberries into their diet.

Immune Support

The high vitamin C content in cranberries is crucial for a robust immune system. It aids in the production of white blood cells, which are responsible for fighting off infections and illnesses.

What other herbs work combined with Cranberry?

Cranberries, when combined with certain herbs and supplements, can offer enhanced health benefits. Here are some of the herbs and supplements that can be used in conjunction with cranberry to address specific health concerns.

D-Mannose: D-Mannose is a naturally occurring sugar found in some fruits, including cranberries. It is commonly used to support urinary tract health and prevent urinary tract infections (UTIs). When taken together with cranberry, D-Mannose can help prevent bacteria from adhering to the urinary tract lining, reducing the risk of UTIs.

Uva Ursi (Bearberry): Uva ursi is a traditional herbal remedy used to treat urinary tract infections. When combined with cranberry, it may provide enhanced relief from UTIs and improve urinary health. Bearberry’s natural compounds, such as arbutin, can help fight off infection.

Echinacea: Echinacea is renowned for its immune-boosting properties. When paired with cranberry, it can be particularly beneficial for those prone to recurrent urinary tract infections. Echinacea helps fortify the immune system, making it more effective at warding off infections.

Goldenseal: Goldenseal is another herb that can complement the effects of cranberry in addressing urinary tract infections. It contains berberine, which has antimicrobial properties and can help fight off infections.

Marshmallow Root: Marshmallow root is known for its soothing and anti-inflammatory properties. When combined with cranberry, it can help alleviate the discomfort associated with urinary tract infections and provide relief from inflammation.

Probiotics: Probiotics are beneficial bacteria that support a healthy gut and immune system. When taken alongside cranberry, they can help maintain a balanced microbiome, making it less hospitable for harmful bacteria that cause infections.

Vitamin C: Vitamin C is an essential nutrient for immune function and overall health. When combined with cranberry, it can enhance the immune-boosting effects of cranberry, particularly for those prone to infections.

Garlic: Garlic is well-known for its antimicrobial properties. When used in conjunction with cranberry, it can provide additional support for the immune system and help combat infections.

Turmeric: Turmeric contains curcumin, a powerful anti-inflammatory compound. When taken with cranberry, it can further reduce inflammation and support overall health.

Dandelion: Dandelion has diuretic properties, which can help flush toxins and bacteria from the urinary tract. When combined with cranberry, it can promote urinary health.

It’s important to note that while these herbal combinations can be beneficial, they should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional. The interaction between herbs and supplements can vary from person to person, and their effectiveness can depend on various factors, including the specific health concern being addressed.

Cranberry: Potential side effects

While cranberries offer a myriad of health benefits, it’s essential to be aware of potential side effects associated with their consumption.

Gastrointestinal Upset: Some individuals may experience digestive discomfort after consuming cranberries, particularly when consumed in large quantities. This can manifest as symptoms like stomach cramps, diarrhea, or an upset stomach. It’s important to moderate cranberry intake if you are prone to gastrointestinal sensitivity.

Kidney Stones: Cranberries are rich in oxalates, compounds that can contribute to the formation of kidney stones. If you are predisposed to kidney stones or have a history of kidney stone issues, it’s advisable to consume cranberries in moderation and ensure proper hydration to reduce the risk.

Interaction with Medications: Cranberries, particularly in supplement form, may interact with certain medications, including blood thinners like warfarin. They can impact the way the body processes these medications, potentially increasing the risk of bleeding. If you are taking medication, consult with a healthcare provider before incorporating cranberry supplements into your routine.

Allergic Reactions: While rare, some individuals may be allergic to cranberries. Allergic reactions can range from mild symptoms like itching and hives to more severe reactions such as difficulty breathing and anaphylaxis. If you suspect an allergy to cranberries, seek medical attention immediately.

Dental Issues: Cranberries are acidic and can potentially erode tooth enamel. This can lead to dental problems over time. To mitigate this risk, consider consuming cranberries in moderation and maintaining good oral hygiene practices.

Blood Sugar Concerns: Cranberry products, particularly juices, may contain added sugars that can impact blood sugar levels. If you have diabetes or are concerned about blood sugar, opt for unsweetened cranberry products or consume whole cranberries in moderation.

Aspirin Sensitivity: Some individuals who are sensitive to aspirin may also be sensitive to salicylates present in cranberries. Salicylates can cause symptoms like hives, asthma, or stomach discomfort in these individuals.

Interference with Iron Absorption: Cranberries contain compounds that can inhibit the absorption of non-heme iron, the type of iron found in plant-based foods. If you have an iron deficiency, it’s advisable to consume cranberries separately from iron-rich foods to maximize iron absorption.

Potential for Increased Bleeding: Due to their blood-thinning properties, cranberries, especially in supplement form, can increase the risk of bleeding, particularly in individuals with bleeding disorders or those taking anticoagulant medications.

Unwanted Weight Loss: Cranberry supplements may act as diuretics, causing increased urine production. In some cases, this can lead to unwanted weight loss and dehydration. It’s crucial to maintain proper hydration when consuming cranberry supplements.

It’s important to recognize that the majority of individuals can safely enjoy cranberries as part of a balanced diet without experiencing adverse effects. However, if you have underlying health conditions, allergies, or concerns about potential interactions, it’s always best to consult with a healthcare provider before incorporating cranberries into your routine.

Precautions and contraindications

While cranberries offer numerous health benefits, there are specific precautions and contraindications to consider when incorporating them into your diet or as a supplement. In this section, we’ll discuss some important factors to keep in mind.

Allergies: If you have known allergies to cranberries or other fruits in the same botanical family (such as blueberries or lingonberries), exercise caution. Allergic reactions can vary in severity and may require immediate medical attention.

Kidney Stones: Individuals with a history of kidney stones or those prone to kidney stone formation should limit their cranberry consumption due to the oxalates present in cranberries. Oxalates can contribute to the formation of kidney stones.

Medication Interactions: If you are taking medications, especially blood thinners like warfarin, consult with your healthcare provider before introducing cranberry supplements or large quantities of cranberry products into your diet. Cranberries can interact with these medications, potentially leading to increased bleeding risk.

Gastric Sensitivity: Some people may experience gastrointestinal discomfort, such as stomach cramps or diarrhea, after consuming cranberries or cranberry products. If you have a history of gastric sensitivity, consider moderating your cranberry intake.

Dental Health: The acidity in cranberries can erode tooth enamel, potentially leading to dental issues. To protect your dental health, it’s advisable to rinse your mouth with water after consuming cranberry products.

Blood Sugar Concerns: Cranberry products, especially juices, may contain added sugars that can impact blood sugar levels. If you have diabetes or are concerned about your blood sugar, opt for unsweetened cranberry products or consume whole cranberries in moderation.

Pregnancy and Lactation: While cranberries are generally considered safe during pregnancy and lactation, it’s always wise to consult with a healthcare provider for individualized guidance. Some pregnant or breastfeeding individuals may have specific concerns or sensitivities.

Aspirin Sensitivity: Individuals sensitive to aspirin may also be sensitive to salicylates found in cranberries. This sensitivity can lead to symptoms like hives, asthma, or stomach discomfort.

Iron Absorption: Cranberries contain compounds that can inhibit the absorption of non-heme iron (plant-based iron). If you have an iron deficiency, consider consuming cranberries separately from iron-rich foods to optimize iron absorption.

Children and Infants: While cranberries can be part of a healthy diet for children and infants, it’s essential to adjust portion sizes and preparations to suit their age and dietary needs. Avoid cranberry products with added sugars for children.

Underlying Health Conditions: If you have underlying health conditions, such as gastrointestinal disorders, urinary tract issues, or allergies, consult with your healthcare provider before incorporating cranberries into your diet or supplement regimen.

Cranberry: Drug interactions

Cranberries and cranberry products, when consumed in moderation, are generally considered safe for most people. However, it’s important to be aware of potential interactions between cranberries and medications, as certain compounds in cranberries can affect how the body processes drugs.

Warfarin (Coumadin): Warfarin is a blood-thinning medication used to prevent blood clots. Cranberries contain vitamin K, which can interfere with the effects of warfarin, potentially increasing the risk of bleeding. If you are on warfarin, it’s essential to maintain consistent vitamin K intake, including cranberries, and inform your healthcare provider.

Aspirin: Aspirin is an over-the-counter medication used for pain relief and as a blood thinner. Cranberries contain salicylates, which are similar to the active ingredient in aspirin. For individuals sensitive to aspirin, consuming cranberries may trigger allergic reactions or exacerbate symptoms.

Antacids: Cranberry juice may interact with certain antacids, reducing their effectiveness. If you are using antacids to relieve heartburn or indigestion, it’s best to separate their consumption from cranberry juice.

Diabetes Medications: If you are taking medications to manage diabetes, cranberry products with added sugars can impact blood sugar levels. Opt for unsweetened cranberry products or consume whole cranberries in moderation. Be vigilant about monitoring your blood sugar when adding cranberries to your diet.

Statins: Statin medications are used to lower cholesterol levels. Some studies suggest that the antioxidants in cranberries may enhance the effects of statins, potentially leading to a more significant reduction in cholesterol. If you are on statin medication, discuss cranberry consumption with your healthcare provider to monitor cholesterol levels and adjust medication as needed.

Antiplatelet Medications: Antiplatelet medications, like clopidogrel (Plavix), are prescribed to prevent blood clots. The interaction between cranberries and these medications is not well-established, but it’s wise to consult with your healthcare provider if you intend to consume cranberries regularly.

Blood Pressure Medications: Cranberry products may have a mild blood pressure-lowering effect due to their high antioxidant content. If you are taking medications to control blood pressure, be aware of potential interactions, and consult your healthcare provider for guidance.

Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs): PPIs are used to reduce stomach acid production. Cranberry juice may interact with these medications, affecting their absorption. If you are prescribed PPIs, consider separating the consumption of cranberry juice and medications.

It’s crucial to communicate openly with your healthcare provider about any herbal or dietary supplements, including cranberries, that you plan to incorporate into your routine. They can offer personalized advice and monitor for potential interactions or side effects.

Remember that the interactions mentioned are based on general knowledge, and individual responses can vary. Always consult your healthcare provider for the most accurate and up-to-date information regarding your specific health needs and medication regimen.

Cranberry dosage and forms

When it comes to incorporating cranberries into your daily routine for health and wellness, it’s essential to understand the various forms and dosages available. In this section, we’ll explore the different ways you can enjoy cranberries and how to determine the right dosage for your specific needs.

Cranberry Forms

• Whole Cranberries: Eating fresh or dried cranberries is a healthy way to incorporate cranberries into your diet. They can be added to salads, oatmeal, or enjoyed as a snack. The recommended daily amount can vary but generally includes a handful of dried cranberries or a cup of fresh cranberries.
• Cranberry Juice: Unsweetened, pure cranberry juice is a concentrated source of cranberry compounds. A daily dosage of 8 to 16 ounces of pure cranberry juice is often recommended to support urinary tract health.
• Cranberry Supplements: Cranberry supplements, available in the form of capsules or tablets, provide a convenient way to ensure consistent intake of cranberry compounds. Dosages can vary, but a common recommendation is 400-500 mg of cranberry extract or 36 mg of proanthocyanidins daily for urinary health.

Determining the Right Dosage

The appropriate dosage of cranberries or cranberry products can vary based on individual health goals, age, sex, and any specific health concerns. Here are some general guidelines to help you determine the right dosage:

• Urinary Tract Health: If you’re looking to support urinary tract health or prevent urinary tract infections, consider a daily dose of 8 to 16 ounces of pure cranberry juice or a cranberry supplement providing 400-500 mg of cranberry extract with 36 mg of proanthocyanidins.
• Heart Health: To benefit from cranberries’ heart-healthy antioxidants, aim to consume cranberries regularly as part of a balanced diet. Fresh or dried cranberries in moderation can contribute to overall heart health.
• Digestive Health: Cranberries in any form can help with digestive health due to their dietary fiber content. Incorporate them into your diet as desired.
• Oral Health: To support oral health, consider rinsing your mouth with water after consuming cranberry products to protect tooth enamel.
• Immune Support: Cranberries are a source of vitamin C, which is essential for immune function. Include cranberries in your diet to support immune health.
• Weight Management: Whole cranberries, fresh or dried, can be part of a weight management plan due to their low-calorie and high-fiber content.
• Diabetes Management: Opt for unsweetened cranberry products to manage blood sugar levels effectively. Consult with a healthcare provider if you have diabetes and plan to include cranberries in your diet.
• Skin Health: Regular consumption of cranberries in your diet can contribute to healthy, glowing skin due to their vitamin C and antioxidant content.

When using cranberry supplements, it’s crucial to follow the recommended dosage on the product label and consult with a healthcare provider if you have specific health concerns or are taking medication.

Overall, cranberries can be a valuable addition to your diet or supplement regimen, offering a range of health benefits. Tailor your cranberry consumption to your specific health goals and preferences to experience the advantages of these vibrant red berries.

The bottom line

Cranberries, those tiny, tart jewels of the fruit world, have a remarkable story to tell. They’ve been cherished for centuries, from their use in Native American rituals to their place on the modern holiday table. Beyond their cultural and culinary significance, cranberries offer a host of potential health benefits.

As we conclude, it’s important to remember a few key takeaways about cranberries:

• Cranberries are a Nutritional Powerhouse: They are packed with antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that support overall health. Their unique compounds, like proanthocyanidins, make them particularly valuable.
• Urinary Tract Health: Cranberries are best known for their role in preventing urinary tract infections (UTIs). Regular consumption of cranberry products can help reduce the risk of UTIs, particularly in women.
• Holistic Health: Cranberries can benefit various aspects of health, from heart health to oral health. Their antioxidants can help reduce inflammation and support the immune system.
• Use with Caution: While cranberries are generally safe for most people, it’s essential to be aware of potential side effects, precautions, contraindications, and drug interactions. Consult with a healthcare provider if you have specific health concerns or are taking medications.
• Versatile Consumption: Cranberries can be enjoyed in various forms, from fresh and dried to juices and supplements. The right form and dosage can vary depending on your health goals and individual needs.

Cranberries are a versatile and nutritious addition to your diet, and their potential health benefits are too compelling to ignore. Whether you’re savoring cranberry sauce at Thanksgiving or sipping on a glass of pure cranberry juice, you’re not only enjoying a delightful flavor but also investing in your well-being.

So, as you explore the world of cranberries, remember their rich history, their spiritual significance, and their ability to enhance your health and happiness. The cranberry, with its vibrant color and extraordinary properties, truly deserves its place on your plate and in your heart.

Frequently Asked Questions

Cranberry Insights: Addressing 50 Common Questions

Article Sources

At AncientHerbsWisdom, our content relies on reputable sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to substantiate the information presented in our articles. Our primary objective is to ensure that our content is thoroughly fact-checked, maintaining a commitment to accuracy, reliability, and trustworthiness.

1. Howell AB. Clinical evidence supporting cranberry as a complementary approach to Helicobacter pylori management. Food Frontiers. 2020;1(3):329-331. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/fft2.47
2. About cranberries. (n.d.).
   https://www.cranberryinstitute.org/about-cranberries
3. Pourmasoumi M, Hadi A, Najafgholizadeh A, Joukar F, Mansour-Ghanaei F. The effects of cranberry on cardiovascular metabolic risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Nutrition. 2020;39(3):774-788. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2019.04.003
4. Liska, D. J., et al. (2016). Cranberries and urinary tract infections: How can the same evidence lead to conflicting advice?
   https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4863270/
5. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. Cranberry.
6. Carr A, Maggini S. Vitamin c and immune function. Nutrients. 2017;9(11):1211. doi:10.3390/nu9111211
7. Philip, N., et al. (2019). Inhibitory effects of fruit berry extracts on streptococcus mutans biofilms. [Abstract].
   https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30592324/
8. Chicas MC, Talcott S, Talcott S, Sirven M. Effect of cranberry juice supplementation on the gut microbiome and inflammatory markers: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in overweight individuals. Curr Dev Nutr. 2022;6(Suppl 1):272. doi:10.1093/cdn/nzac053.013
9. The Cranberry Institute. How much cranberry juice should I drink in a day?.
10. USDA. Cranberry juice can boost heart health.
11. Barber, T. M., et al. (2020). The health benefits of dietary fibre.
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7589116/
12. Pullar JM, Carr AC, Vissers MCM. The roles of vitamin c in skin health. Nutrients. 2017;9(8):866. doi:10.3390/nu9080866
13. Weh, K. M., et al. (2016). Cranberries and cancer: An update of preclinical studies evaluating the cancer inhibitory potential of cranberry and cranberry derived constituents.
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5039576/
14. Chew, B., et al. (2019). Chronic consumption of a low calorie, high polyphenol cranberry beverage attenuates inflammation and improves glucoregulation and HDL cholesterol in healthy overweight humans: A randomized controlled trial [Abstract].
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29476238
15. Cranberries, raw. (2019).
    https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/171722/nutrients
16. Chen H, Wang W, Yu S, Wang H, Tian Z, Zhu S. Procyanidins and their therapeutic potential against oral diseases. Molecules. 2022;27(9):2932. doi:10.3390/molecules27092932
17. Cranberry. (2020).
    https://nccih.nih.gov/health/cranberry
18. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA announces qualified health claim for certain cranberry products and urinary tract infections.
19. D’Alessandro, C., et al. (2019). Which diet for calcium stone patients: A real-world approach to preventive care.
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6566930/
20. Das S. Natural therapeutics for urinary tract infections-a review. Futur J Pharm Sci. 2020;6(1):64. doi:10.1186/s43094-020-00086-2
21. Foxman, B., et al. (2015). Cranberry juice capsules and urinary tract infection after surgery: Results of a randomized trial.
    https://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378(15)00355-5/fulltext
22. Al Othaim A, Marasini D, Carbonero F. Impact of cranberry juice consumption on gut and vaginal microbiota in postmenopausal women. Food Frontiers. 2021;2(3):282-293. doi:10.1002/fft2.76
23. Kim, H. W., et al. (2019). Synergistic cranberry juice combinations with natural-born antimicrobials for the eradication of uropathogenic Escherichia coli biofilm within a short time.
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30801748/