Kelp, the remarkable underwater plant, has long intrigued and sustained both marine life and human communities around the world. Its versatile uses and diverse species have made it a subject of curiosity, and its ecological importance cannot be overstated. In this article, we embark on a journey to delve into the depths of kelp’s many facets, addressing 50 of the most common questions that shed light on its biological significance, culinary applications, environmental impact, and more. Whether you’re an avid ocean enthusiast or simply intrigued by this underwater wonder, this comprehensive guide will provide a thorough understanding of all things kelp.
Kelp: 50 Questions & Answers
What is Kelp?
Kelp is a type of large brown seaweed that belongs to the order Laminariales. It’s commonly found in underwater kelp forests, thriving along coastlines in cold, nutrient-rich waters. Kelp can grow to impressive lengths, with some species reaching up to 200 feet. Its distinctive appearance, with long, leafy blades, sets it apart from other forms of marine algae.
What is the scientific name of Kelp?
The scientific name for kelp varies depending on the specific species, but they all fall under the order Laminariales. Some common species include Macrocystis pyrifera, Laminaria digitata, and Saccharina latissima.
Does Kelp have other common names?
Yes, kelp is known by various common names depending on the region. These names include seaweed, sea cabbage, brown algae, and bladderwrack, among others. Different species of kelp may also have their own distinct common names.
What is Kelp’s traditional and modern medicinal use?
Kelp has a rich history of traditional medicinal use in various cultures. It has been used for centuries in Asian countries like Japan and China as a source of nutrients and in herbal medicine. In modern times, kelp is known for its potential health benefits due to its rich nutrient content. It is often used as a dietary supplement for its iodine content, which supports thyroid function. Additionally, kelp extracts are found in skincare products for their potential to promote skin health.
What nutrients (vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, etc.) does Kelp contain?
Kelp is a nutritional powerhouse. It contains a wide range of vitamins, including vitamin K, vitamin A, vitamin C, and several B vitamins. In terms of minerals, it’s particularly rich in iodine, which is crucial for thyroid function. Kelp also provides minerals like calcium, potassium, and magnesium. Furthermore, it contains antioxidants such as carotenoids and flavonoids, which can help protect cells from oxidative damage. Its high fiber content is beneficial for digestive health, and it also contains essential fatty acids like omega-3. Kelp’s nutrient profile makes it a valuable addition to a balanced diet and a potential source of various health benefits.
Find the Best Kelp Products
Thousands of customer reviews are available to help you make the right choice. Embrace the power of nature!
Are there any potential side effects associated with Kelp?
Kelp is generally safe for most people when consumed in moderate amounts. However, excessive intake can lead to some side effects. The most common side effect is an excess of iodine, which can disrupt thyroid function. Symptoms of iodine overdose may include thyroid gland enlargement or hyperthyroidism. Therefore, it’s crucial to stick to recommended dosages and not exceed them.
What is the recommended dosage for Kelp?
The recommended dosage of kelp can vary depending on factors such as age, overall health, and the specific product being used. As a general guideline, most supplements suggest a daily dose of around 150 mcg to 200 mcg of iodine for adults. It’s essential to read the product label and follow the manufacturer’s instructions carefully. Consulting with a healthcare professional is also advisable to determine the right dosage for your individual needs.
Is Kelp safe for pregnant or breastfeeding women?
Kelp can be a valuable source of nutrients during pregnancy and breastfeeding due to its iodine content, which is essential for fetal brain development and milk production. However, excessive iodine intake should be avoided, as it can harm the thyroid gland. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should consult their healthcare provider for personalized recommendations on kelp consumption, ensuring they stay within safe limits.
Can children safely consume Kelp?
Children can consume kelp, but it’s crucial to be cautious about the dosage, as their iodine requirements are lower than those of adults. Parents should consult with a pediatrician before introducing kelp supplements or incorporating it into their child’s diet. Additionally, using seaweed snacks or incorporating small amounts of kelp into meals can be a safer and more enjoyable way for children to benefit from its nutrients.
How should Kelp be prepared or consumed (e.g., tea, tincture, capsules, tablets)?
Kelp can be consumed in various forms, including dried, powdered, or as a supplement in capsules or tablets. It can also be used to make kelp tea or tinctures. The choice of preparation method depends on personal preferences and dietary needs. Dried kelp can be added to soups, salads, or used as a seasoning. Supplements provide a convenient way to ensure consistent iodine intake. Kelp tea can be made by steeping dried kelp in hot water, while tinctures are prepared by extracting kelp in alcohol or glycerin. Ultimately, the form of consumption should align with individual preferences and dietary goals.
Are there any contraindications or health conditions that may be worsened by Kelp?
Kelp is generally considered safe for most people when consumed in moderate amounts. However, individuals with certain health conditions should exercise caution. Since Kelp is rich in iodine, people with thyroid disorders, such as hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, should consult their healthcare provider before adding Kelp to their diet. Excessive iodine intake can exacerbate these conditions.
Where is Kelp usually sourced or cultivated?
Kelp is primarily sourced from coastal regions around the world, where it thrives in cold, nutrient-rich waters. Countries with extensive coastlines, such as Japan, South Korea, China, and the United States (particularly the Pacific Northwest), are major producers of Kelp. Kelp is often cultivated through aquaculture methods, where it is grown in controlled underwater environments to ensure sustainability and quality.
Is Kelp legal to possess and use in the United States?
Yes, Kelp is legal to possess and use in the United States. It is considered a food product and is readily available in various forms, including dried Kelp for culinary use and Kelp supplements. However, it’s essential to ensure that the Kelp products you purchase comply with FDA regulations and are free from contaminants.
Are there any known allergens in Kelp?
Kelp itself is not a common allergen. However, cross-contamination can occur during processing or packaging, leading to the presence of allergens like shellfish or fish in Kelp products. Individuals with seafood allergies should exercise caution and carefully read product labels to avoid potential allergic reactions.
May Kelp supplements contain contaminants like pesticides or heavy metals?
Yes, Kelp supplements can potentially contain contaminants like pesticides and heavy metals. The presence of these contaminants largely depends on the source and processing methods of the Kelp. To minimize the risk, consumers should choose reputable brands that conduct rigorous quality testing and provide certificates of analysis, ensuring that their Kelp supplements meet safety and purity standards. Additionally, buying organic or sustainably sourced Kelp can further reduce the likelihood of contamination.
Are there any known long-term effects of using Kelp?
Long-term consumption of Kelp supplements is generally considered safe for most individuals when used within recommended dosages. Kelp is a rich source of iodine, essential for thyroid health, but excessive iodine intake over a prolonged period can lead to thyroid dysfunction. To avoid this, it’s crucial to adhere to the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for iodine, which varies by age and gender.
Do Kelp supplements have a specific shelf life or expiration date?
Kelp supplements, like many other dietary supplements, typically have a shelf life indicated on the packaging. This shelf life is usually between 2 to 3 years from the date of manufacture. It’s important to check the expiration date and refrain from using Kelp supplements beyond that date, as their potency and effectiveness may diminish over time.
What is the best time of day to take Kelp?
The best time to take Kelp supplements depends on your personal preference and lifestyle. Some people prefer taking them in the morning with breakfast to ensure consistent daily intake. Others choose to take them with lunch or dinner. Timing is less critical with Kelp compared to certain supplements like probiotics. The key is to establish a routine that you can consistently follow to ensure you don’t miss a dose.
Should Kelp pills be taken with food or on an empty stomach?
Kelp supplements can be taken with or without food, as per your comfort. Taking them with food may help prevent stomach discomfort in some individuals. However, for those with specific dietary restrictions or preferences, Kelp can be taken on an empty stomach without significant issues. If you have a sensitive stomach, experimenting with both options will help you determine which works best for you.
Are there any dietary restrictions or guidelines while using Kelp?
While using Kelp, it’s important to monitor your iodine intake from all sources to avoid excessive iodine consumption, which can negatively impact thyroid health. Be mindful of iodine-rich foods like seafood, iodized salt, and dairy products. Additionally, if you have pre-existing thyroid conditions or are taking medications, consult with a healthcare professional before starting Kelp supplements to ensure they are suitable for your specific health needs. Always follow the recommended dosage on the product label and avoid overconsumption.
What is the recommended duration of use for Kelp?
The recommended duration of use for Kelp can vary depending on the individual’s specific health needs and goals. Typically, Kelp supplements are safe for short-term use, such as a few weeks or months. However, for long-term use, it’s advisable to consult with a healthcare professional to determine the appropriate duration and dosage, especially if you have any underlying health conditions.
Is it advisable to consult a healthcare professional before using Kelp?
Yes, it is advisable to consult a healthcare professional before using Kelp, especially if you have any pre-existing medical conditions, or allergies, or are taking medications. Kelp contains iodine, which can interact with certain medications and may not be suitable for individuals with thyroid disorders or iodine sensitivities. A healthcare professional can provide personalized guidance based on your specific health situation.
Are there any special precautions for storing Kelp supplements?
When storing Kelp supplements, it’s essential to keep them in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight and moisture. A sealed container or bottle with a tight-fitting lid will help maintain the freshness and potency of the supplements. Be sure to follow the manufacturer’s instructions on the label regarding storage, as some supplements may have specific requirements.
How does Kelp taste, and can it be mixed with other herbs or foods for palatability?
Kelp has a unique taste that is often described as salty and slightly fishy due to its natural iodine content. While some people may enjoy the taste, others may find it challenging to consume on its own. To improve palatability, you can mix Kelp with other herbs or incorporate it into recipes. Many people blend Kelp into smoothies, sprinkle it on salads, or use it as a seasoning in soups and stews.
What other supplements work well together with Kelp?
Kelp, a rich source of iodine and other nutrients, can be complemented by various supplements to support different aspects of health. Here are some supplements that work well in combination with kelp:
- Spirulina: Both kelp and Spirulina are nutrient-dense algae. Combining them can provide a broad spectrum of essential vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. This combination supports overall health and boosts energy levels.
- Vitamin D: Kelp provides iodine, while vitamin D plays a crucial role in calcium absorption and bone health. Together, they can help maintain strong and healthy bones.
- Fish Oil (Omega-3): Omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil supplements can enhance the benefits of kelp by supporting heart and brain health. This combination can help balance cholesterol levels and reduce inflammation.
- Chlorella: This algae supplement called Chlorella, can work well with kelp to provide a broad spectrum of essential nutrients, including vitamins, minerals, and amino acids. Together, they can support overall well-being and promote detoxification.
- Iron: If you have a diet that’s deficient in iron, consider pairing kelp with iron supplements. Kelp can improve iodine intake, while iron supports red blood cell production and helps prevent anemia.
- Vitamin B12: Kelp is not a reliable source of vitamin B12, so combining it with a B12 supplement is advisable, especially for vegetarians and vegans who may have limited dietary sources of B12. This combination ensures a well-rounded intake of essential nutrients.
- Probiotics: Kelp supports gut health by providing fiber for beneficial gut bacteria. Combining it with a probiotic supplement can enhance digestive health and nutrient absorption.
Is there any scientific research or clinical evidence supporting Kelp’s effectiveness?
Yes, scientific research and clinical evidence support Kelp’s effectiveness. Kelp is rich in essential nutrients, particularly iodine, which plays a vital role in thyroid function and overall health. Numerous studies have confirmed the positive impact of iodine from Kelp on thyroid disorders, such as hypothyroidism and goiter. Additionally, Kelp contains various antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals, contributing to its potential health benefits, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
Find the Best Kelp Products
Thousands of customer reviews are available to help you make the right choice. Embrace the power of nature!
Are there any age restrictions for using Kelp (e.g., suitable for the elderly)?
Kelp supplements are generally considered safe for most individuals, including the elderly. However, it’s essential to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new dietary supplement, especially for those with pre-existing medical conditions or taking medications. Seniors can benefit from Kelp’s nutrient profile, as it may support bone health and cognitive function, which can be particularly relevant in older age.
Does Kelp require a specific preparation method, such as decoction or infusion?
Kelp can be prepared in various ways, depending on your preference and intended use. It can be consumed fresh, dried, or as a supplement in pill or powder form. Some people choose to incorporate dried Kelp into their cooking, while others take it as a daily dietary supplement. There’s no specific preparation method required, but it’s crucial to follow the recommended dosage instructions on supplement labels.
Can Kelp be used topically (externally) in addition to internal consumption?
Yes, Kelp can be used topically in addition to internal consumption. Kelp-based skincare products are available, and they harness the seaweed’s natural properties to benefit the skin. Kelp extracts are often included in facial masks, creams, and serums, as they may provide hydration, promote skin elasticity, and offer antioxidant protection. However, always perform a patch test when trying new skincare products to ensure there are no adverse reactions.
Are there any known symptoms of overdose or excessive use of Kelp?
Excessive consumption of Kelp can lead to symptoms of iodine overdose, a condition known as iodine toxicity. Common symptoms may include thyroid dysfunction, nausea, diarrhea, and, in severe cases, thyroid gland inflammation or hyperthyroidism. It’s essential to adhere to recommended dosage guidelines and consult a healthcare professional if you suspect you’ve consumed excessive amounts of Kelp or are experiencing any adverse effects.
What is Kelp’s mode of action within the body?
Kelp, a type of large brown seaweed, offers a plethora of health benefits primarily due to its rich nutritional composition. It contains essential vitamins and minerals, such as iodine, which are crucial for thyroid function and overall metabolic health. Iodine in kelp helps regulate the production of thyroid hormones, which, in turn, control metabolism, energy production, and various bodily functions.
Moreover, kelp is a source of dietary fiber, contributing to digestive health by promoting regular bowel movements and aiding in the prevention of constipation. Additionally, it contains antioxidants like vitamins C and E, helping to combat oxidative stress and support overall well-being.
Are there any known synergistic effects when Kelp is combined with specific nutrients?
Kelp’s nutritional profile allows for potential synergistic effects when combined with specific nutrients. For example, when paired with foods rich in iron, kelp’s vitamin C content can enhance iron absorption, addressing iron deficiency concerns. The iodine in kelp can also complement a diet low in iodine-rich foods, which may be common in certain regions, preventing iodine deficiency disorders.
Additionally, combining kelp with omega-3 fatty acid sources, such as fish or flaxseeds, may enhance heart health and promote a balanced lipid profile. This synergy arises from kelp’s contribution of essential minerals like potassium and magnesium, which can aid in maintaining healthy blood pressure.
Does Kelp have a distinct aroma or essential oil that may have therapeutic benefits?
Kelp does have a unique marine aroma, often described as briny or oceanic, which can add a pleasant scent to various cosmetic and skincare products. While kelp essential oil isn’t commonly extracted for therapeutic use, its natural scent can provide a soothing and refreshing sensory experience.
Moreover, the aroma of kelp may have psychological benefits, evoking feelings of tranquility and connectedness to the sea, which can be relaxing for some individuals.
Are there any cultural or historical uses of Kelp that should be considered?
Throughout history, kelp has held significant cultural and economic importance in various coastal communities. In Japan, for instance, kelp, known as “kombu,” has been a staple in traditional cuisine, used to make dashi, a flavorful broth fundamental to Japanese cooking.
In European coastal regions, kelp was historically harvested for its valuable source of iodine, essential for preventing goiter and thyroid-related ailments. Kelp has also been employed in the production of soda ash and as a fertilizer in agriculture.
Does Kelp have any spiritual or ceremonial significance in certain traditions?
Kelp has been imbued with spiritual and ceremonial significance in some indigenous cultures. Among Native American tribes, particularly those along the Pacific Northwest coast, kelp holds cultural importance. It has been used in traditional ceremonies, such as potlatches, where it symbolizes abundance and the connection between land and sea.
Additionally, kelp forests have spiritual significance for some indigenous peoples, representing biodiversity, sustainability, and the interconnectedness of ecosystems. These cultural and spiritual ties highlight the reverence for kelp in certain traditions.
Are there any variations in Kelp’s potency based on its geographic origin?
Yes, the potency of Kelp can vary based on its geographic origin. Factors such as water temperature, nutrient levels, and environmental conditions influence Kelp’s iodine content and overall nutrient profile. Kelp sourced from different regions may contain varying levels of essential minerals, vitamins, and trace elements.
Does Kelp have a known effect on specific organs or body systems?
Kelp can have specific effects on various organs and body systems. It is well-known for its rich iodine content, which plays a crucial role in supporting thyroid function. Adequate iodine intake is essential for the proper functioning of the thyroid gland, which regulates metabolism. Additionally, Kelp’s high mineral content, including potassium, magnesium, and calcium, can benefit bone health, cardiovascular health, and overall electrolyte balance.
Are there any known interactions of Kelp with commonly prescribed medications?
Kelp can interact with certain medications. Particularly, if you are taking thyroid medications or have a pre-existing thyroid condition, it’s essential to consult with a healthcare professional before adding Kelp supplements to your regimen. The high iodine content in Kelp could potentially interfere with thyroid medication dosages.
What are the potential benefits and risks of long-term or chronic use of Kelp?
The potential benefits of long-term or chronic use of Kelp include improved thyroid function, support for healthy hair and skin due to its rich mineral content, and its potential role in maintaining overall metabolic health. However, long-term use should be approached with caution, as excessive iodine intake can lead to thyroid dysfunction or other health issues. It’s advisable to consult a healthcare provider for personalized guidance on prolonged Kelp supplementation.
Is cycling on and off Kelp advisable to prevent tolerance or dependence?
Cycling on and off Kelp may be advisable to prevent tolerance or dependence in certain cases. If you have been using Kelp supplements continuously, it’s a good practice to periodically assess your thyroid function and iodine levels to ensure you are not exceeding recommended limits. A healthcare provider can help you determine the most suitable approach to using Kelp to meet your specific health goals while minimizing potential risks.
Are there any precautions regarding driving or operating machinery while using Kelp?
While there are no specific warnings about driving or operating machinery while using Kelp, it’s important to be mindful of your body’s reaction to this supplement. Some individuals may experience side effects like dizziness or gastrointestinal discomfort, which could potentially impair their ability to drive or operate machinery safely. If you notice any such effects, it’s advisable to avoid these activities until you are sure of how Kelp affects you personally.
Are there any dietary restrictions or lifestyle changes recommended while using Kelp?
In general, Kelp is considered safe when consumed in moderate amounts as part of a balanced diet. However, it’s important to be aware of the iodine content in Kelp, as excessive iodine intake can lead to thyroid issues. If you have a pre-existing thyroid condition or are on thyroid medication, it’s crucial to consult with a healthcare professional before adding Kelp supplements to your diet. Additionally, individuals on a low-sodium diet should exercise caution when using Kelp as it naturally contains sodium.
Does Kelp have any specific recommendations for addressing common side effects?
Common side effects of Kelp may include gastrointestinal discomfort, nausea, or an allergic reaction. If you experience these side effects, it is advisable to discontinue Kelp use and consult a healthcare provider. To minimize the likelihood of side effects, start with a low dose and gradually increase it while monitoring your body’s response. Always choose reputable Kelp supplements from trusted sources to ensure quality and purity.
Are there any known variations or subspecies of Kelp with different properties?
Yes, there are numerous species and subspecies of Kelp with varying properties. Some are more abundant in certain nutrients, such as iodine or antioxidants, while others may have different flavors and textures. It’s essential to research the specific type of Kelp you are using and its intended benefits to ensure it aligns with your dietary and nutritional goals.
Does Kelp have any documented cases of misuse or abuse?
Kelp itself is not typically associated with misuse or abuse. However, excessive consumption of Kelp supplements can lead to iodine toxicity, which can have adverse health effects. It’s crucial to follow recommended dosage guidelines and consult with a healthcare professional if you plan to incorporate Kelp supplements into your routine, especially if you have any underlying health conditions or are taking medications that may interact with Kelp. Responsible use is key to reaping the potential benefits of Kelp while avoiding any adverse consequences.
Is Kelp regulated or approved for medicinal use in the United States?
In the United States, kelp is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). However, it’s essential to note that kelp is primarily considered a dietary supplement and not a medication. While it’s not approved for specific medicinal purposes, many people use it as a source of essential minerals and iodine. The quality and safety of kelp supplements can vary between manufacturers, so it’s crucial to choose reputable brands and consult with a healthcare professional before using them for any specific health concern.
Are there any known interactions of Kelp when combined with other medicinal herbs?
Kelp may interact with certain medicinal herbs and medications due to its high iodine content. It could potentially interfere with thyroid medications or other supplements containing iodine. Therefore, individuals with thyroid conditions or those taking medications for such conditions should consult their healthcare provider before using kelp supplements. Additionally, kelp may have a blood-thinning effect, so it’s advisable to exercise caution when combining it with other herbs or medications with similar properties, such as anticoagulants or antiplatelet drugs.
How does Kelp’s preparation or dosage change for acute versus chronic conditions?
The preparation and dosage of kelp typically depend on individual health needs and preferences. For acute conditions or short-term use, kelp supplements can be taken according to the manufacturer’s recommendations on the product label. For chronic conditions or ongoing supplementation, it’s advisable to work closely with a healthcare provider to determine the appropriate dosage. The dosage may vary based on factors such as age, overall health, and the specific health concern being addressed.
Find the Best Kelp Products
Thousands of customer reviews are available to help you make the right choice. Embrace the power of nature!
Are there any known withdrawal symptoms when discontinuing the use of Kelp?
There are no well-documented withdrawal symptoms associated with discontinuing kelp use. However, if someone has been using kelp supplements as a source of iodine and then abruptly stops, they may need to ensure they maintain adequate iodine intake through their diet or alternative supplements to prevent iodine deficiency.
What are the best supplement brands of Kelp?
When looking for kelp supplements, it’s essential to choose reputable brands that adhere to quality and safety standards. Some well-regarded supplement brands that offer kelp products include Nature’s Way, Nature’s Plus, and Solaray. It’s advisable to consult with a healthcare professional or nutritionist before adding kelp supplements to your diet to ensure they are suitable for your specific health needs.
Article References & Sources
At AncientHerbsWisdom, our content relies on reputable sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to substantiate the information presented in our articles. Our primary objective is to ensure our content is thoroughly fact-checked, maintaining a commitment to accuracy, reliability, and trustworthiness.
- U.S. Department of Agriculture. Seaweed, Kelp, Raw. https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/168457/nutrients
- Seaweed, dried. FoodData Central. U.S Department of Agriculture.
- Abidov M, et al. (2009). The effects of Xanthigen in the weight management of obese premenopausal women with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and normal liver fat.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19840063 - Wilcox MD, et al. (2014).The modulation of pancreatic lipase activity by alginates.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4018670/ - Alginate production methods. (2003).
http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4765e/y4765e08.htm - Thomas I, Siew LQC, Watts TJ, Haque R. Seaweed allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2019;7(2):714-715. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2018.11.009
- Chen Q, et al. (2018). Distribution of metals and metalloids in dried seaweeds and health risk to population in southeastern China. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-21732-z - National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Iodine.
- Farooq AA, et al. (2012). Algae extracts and methyl jasmonate anti-cancer activities in prostate cancer: Choreographers of ‘the dance macabre.’ DOI:
https://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1475-2867-12-50 - Wan-Loy C, et al. (2016). Marine algae as a potential source for anti-obesity agents.
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/14/12/222/htm - Iodine [Fact sheet for health professionals]. (2011).
https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iodine-HealthProfessional/ - Müssig K, et al. (2006). Iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis after ingestion of kelp-containing tea. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00416.x - Kim MS, et al. (2008). Effects of seaweed supplementation on blood glucose concentration, lipid profile, and antioxidant enzyme activities in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
https://e-nrp.org/DOIx.php?id=10.4162/nrp.2008.2.2.62 - WebMD. Health Benefits of Kelp. https://www.webmd.com/diet/health-benefits-kelp#1
- Kundu JK, et al. (2008). Inflammation: Gearing the journey to cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18485806 - Cherry P, O’Hara C, Magee P, McSorley E, Allsopp P. Risks and benefits of consuming edible seaweeds. Nutr Rev. 2019;77(5):307-329. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuy066
- Lee H, et al. (2012). Fucoidan from seaweed Fucus vesiculosus inhibits migration and invasion of human lung cancer cell via PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathways. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0050624 - Admassu H, Gasmalla MAA, Yang R, Zhao W. Bioactive peptides derived from seaweed protein and their health benefits: Antihypertensive, antioxidant, and antidiabetic properties. J Food Sci. 2018;83(1):6-16. doi:10.1111/1750-3841.14011
- Moussavou G, et al. (2014). Anticancer effects of different seaweeds on human colon and breast cancers.
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/12/9/4898/htm