Sea Buckthorn Guide: Answer To Your Top 50 Questions

In this comprehensive guide, we dive deep into the world of Sea Buckthorn, addressing 50 of the most pressing questions about this remarkable plant. Whether you’re curious about its health benefits, culinary uses, skincare potential, or cultivation methods, this article aims to provide clear and detailed answers to quench your curiosity and expand your knowledge about the versatile Sea Buckthorn.

What is Sea Buckthorn?

Sea Buckthorn, often referred to as a “superfruit,” is a deciduous shrub known for its bright orange berries. These berries are packed with nutrients and have been utilized for various purposes, from traditional medicine to modern culinary applications.

What is the scientific name of Sea Buckthorn?

The scientific name for Sea Buckthorn is Hippophae rhamnoides. This hardy shrub is native to Europe and Asia and thrives in harsh, dry conditions.

Does Sea Buckthorn have other common names?

Aside from Sea Buckthorn, this plant goes by several other common names such as sandthorn, sallowthorn, or seaberry, reflecting its coastal habitat and the appearance of its berries.

What is Sea Buckthorn’s traditional and modern medicinal use?

Traditionally, Sea Buckthorn has been valued for its medicinal properties, used in herbal remedies to address various health issues. Its berries, leaves, and oil have been employed to treat skin conditions and gastrointestinal problems, and are even used as an immune system booster. In modern times, it’s gaining attention in the cosmetic and skincare industries due to its high content of vitamins, antioxidants, and essential fatty acids. Its oil is rich in omega fatty acids, particularly omega-7, known for its potential benefits for skin health and hydration.

What nutrients (vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, etc.) does Sea Buckthorn contain?

Sea Buckthorn is a nutrient powerhouse, containing a wide array of vitamins including vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin A (in the form of beta-carotene), and vitamin K. It also boasts an impressive mineral profile, featuring calcium, potassium, magnesium, and selenium. Antioxidants like flavonoids and phenols further contribute to its health-promoting properties, offering potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects when consumed or applied topically.

Are there any potential side effects associated with Sea Buckthorn?

Potential side effects associated with Sea Buckthorn are generally mild and infrequent. Some individuals might experience gastrointestinal disturbances like diarrhea or abdominal discomfort due to its high fiber content. Additionally, its high levels of vitamin C could cause minor digestive issues or allergic reactions in sensitive individuals. However, these occurrences are rare and typically don’t pose significant health risks.

What is the recommended dosage for Sea Buckthorn?

The recommended dosage for Sea Buckthorn can vary depending on its form and purpose. For oil supplements, a common dosage ranges from 500 milligrams to 2 grams daily. However, it’s crucial to follow the specific guidelines provided by the product or consult a healthcare professional for personalized advice.

Is Sea Buckthorn safe for pregnant or breastfeeding women?

Sea Buckthorn is generally considered safe for pregnant or breastfeeding women when consumed in moderate amounts. However, pregnant or nursing women should consult with their healthcare provider before incorporating it into their routine to ensure it aligns with their individual health needs.

Can children safely consume Sea Buckthorn?

Children can safely consume Sea Buckthorn in moderate amounts, especially when it’s integrated into their diet as food. However, it’s essential to consider their age and potential allergies. Consulting a pediatrician before giving children Sea Buckthorn supplements is recommended to ensure it’s appropriate for their health.

How should Sea Buckthorn be prepared or consumed (e.g., tea, tincture, capsules, tablets)?

Sea Buckthorn can be consumed in various forms, including oil, juice, tea, capsules, or added to foods like jams or sauces. The method of consumption depends on personal preference and the desired health benefits. For instance, oil is commonly used for skin health, while juice or tea might be preferred for internal consumption. Following recommended dosages and instructions on product labels is essential for optimal benefits.

Are there any contraindications or health conditions that Sea Buckthorn may worsen?

Sea Buckthorn, while generally safe, may worsen certain health conditions. Its high levels of salicylates could aggravate stomach ulcers or acid reflux. Additionally, individuals with sensitivity to salicylates might experience allergic reactions or worsening of asthma symptoms when consuming Sea Buckthorn.

Where is Sea Buckthorn usually sourced or cultivated?

Sea Buckthorn is predominantly cultivated in China, Russia, and certain European countries like Germany. China is a significant producer due to its favorable climate for Sea Buckthorn growth.

Is Sea Buckthorn legal to possess and use in the United States?

Sea Buckthorn is legal to possess and use in the United States. It’s classified as a dietary supplement and can be found in various forms such as oils, capsules, and extracts, available for purchase in health food stores or online.

Are there any known allergens in Sea Buckthorn?

Allergens in Sea Buckthorn are rare, but some individuals might be sensitive to its components. Allergic reactions could manifest as itching, rash, or swelling, although these occurrences are uncommon.

May Sea Buckthorn supplements contain contaminants like pesticides or heavy metals?

Contaminants in Sea Buckthorn supplements are a concern. Pesticides might be present due to agricultural practices unless products are certified organic. Additionally, heavy metals could accumulate in the plant from soil or water contamination, posing a risk if not monitored and controlled during cultivation and manufacturing processes. Choosing reputable brands that test for purity and quality can mitigate these risks.

Are there any known long-term effects of using Sea Buckthorn?

Sea Buckthorn, known for its rich nutrient profile, has several purported benefits. While it’s generally considered safe for most people, long-term effects haven’t been extensively studied. Some anecdotal evidence suggests potential benefits for skin health and inflammation reduction. However, cautious use is advised, especially for individuals on medications or with existing health conditions, as interactions could occur.

Do Sea Buckthorn supplements have a specific shelf life or expiration date?

Regarding shelf life, Sea Buckthorn supplements typically come with expiration dates. The shelf life varies based on factors like formulation and storage conditions. Following the labeled expiry date ensures potency and safety, as degradation might occur beyond that point.

What is the best time of day to take Sea Buckthorn?

Determining the best time to take Sea Buckthorn depends on personal preference and the supplement’s form. Some find taking it in the morning more convenient, aiming to benefit from its potential energy-boosting effects. Yet, others prefer consuming it during meals to aid absorption and minimize potential stomach discomfort.

Should Sea Buckthorn pills be taken with food or on an empty stomach?

Taking Sea Buckthorn supplements with food is generally recommended. The presence of food can aid the absorption of fat-soluble nutrients present in Sea Buckthorn, enhancing its effectiveness and reducing the possibility of digestive upset.

Are there any dietary restrictions or guidelines while using Sea Buckthorn?

Although Sea Buckthorn is considered safe for most people, certain precautions are advisable. Individuals allergic to Sea Buckthorn or related plants should avoid it. Moreover, if you have underlying health conditions or are on medications, consulting a healthcare professional is crucial to avoid potential interactions or adverse effects. Additionally, moderation is key; excessive intake may lead to undesirable effects. As a rule, it’s wise to adhere to recommended dosages and be mindful of any changes in your body’s response while using Sea Buckthorn.

What is the recommended duration of use for Sea Buckthorn?

The recommended duration of use for Sea Buckthorn can vary based on individual needs and health conditions. Generally, short-term use for up to 3 months is common for addressing specific health concerns. However, long-term use may also be considered under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Is it advisable to consult a healthcare professional before using Sea Buckthorn?

Consulting a healthcare professional before using Sea Buckthorn is advisable, especially for individuals with pre-existing medical conditions, pregnant or nursing women, or those taking medications. This precaution helps ensure its compatibility with one’s health status and avoids potential interactions.

Are there any special precautions for storing Sea Buckthorn supplements?

When storing Sea Buckthorn supplements, it’s essential to keep them in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Proper storage in airtight containers or sealed packaging helps maintain their potency and prevents degradation of the active compounds.

How does Sea Buckthorn taste, and can it be mixed with other herbs or foods for palatability?

Sea Buckthorn has a unique tangy and slightly sour taste, often described as a mix of citrus and berries. Its strong flavor might not be appealing to everyone, but it can be blended with other herbs or foods for improved palatability. Mixing it into smoothies, and juices, or incorporating it into salad dressings or yogurt can help mask its distinct taste while reaping its nutritional benefits.

What other supplements work well together with Sea Buckthorn?

Sea Buckthorn, known for its rich nutrient profile, pairs well with various supplements, complementing their effects for holistic health benefits:

• Vitamin C: Sea Buckthorn is naturally high in vitamin C, and combining it with additional vitamin C supplements can further boost immunity and skin health. The combination supports collagen production and enhances antioxidant effects.
• Rose Hip: Rose Hip complements sea buckthorn’s immune-boosting and skin-nourishing properties. Together, they create a potent blend for overall wellness.
• Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Combining Sea Buckthorn oil, rich in omega-7 fatty acids, with omega-3 supplements supports overall heart health, reduces inflammation, and promotes skin hydration.
• Collagen: Sea Buckthorn’s antioxidant properties, when combined with collagen supplements, aid in maintaining skin elasticity, reducing wrinkles, and promoting overall skin health.
• Biotin: Pairing Sea Buckthorn with biotin supplements can promote healthy hair, skin, and nails. Sea Buckthorn’s nourishing properties complement biotin’s role in supporting these areas.
• Probiotics: Sea Buckthorn, known for its potential to support gut health, can be paired with probiotics to promote a balanced gut microbiome, aiding digestion and overall well-being.
• Turmeric (Curcumin): Combining Sea Buckthorn with Turmeric or curcumin supplements enhances the anti-inflammatory properties of both, potentially reducing inflammation and supporting joint health.
• Vitamin E: Sea Buckthorn’s antioxidant qualities synergize well with vitamin E, promoting skin health, reducing oxidative stress, and supporting immune function.

Is there any scientific research or clinical evidence supporting Sea Buckthorn’s effectiveness?

Scientific research and clinical evidence support Sea Buckthorn’s effectiveness in various aspects. Its rich content of vitamins, antioxidants, and fatty acids contributes to potential health benefits. Studies highlight its potential in skincare due to its anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties. However, while preliminary evidence suggests its potential in managing certain conditions like dry eyes and cardiovascular health, more extensive research is needed to solidify these claims.

Are there any age restrictions for using Sea Buckthorn (e.g., suitable for the elderly)?

There aren’t specific age restrictions for Sea Buckthorn usage. Its natural properties make it suitable for various age groups, including the elderly. However, individual health conditions and medication interactions should be considered before incorporating it into their routine. Consulting a healthcare professional is advisable.

Does Sea Buckthorn require a specific preparation method, such as decoction or infusion?

Sea Buckthorn can be prepared in multiple ways, including decoction, infusion, or as an oil extract. Each method extracts different compounds and nutrients. For instance, decoction involves boiling the berries or leaves, while infusion requires steeping in hot water. The choice of preparation method may depend on the intended use and desired benefits.

Can Sea Buckthorn be used topically (externally) in addition to internal consumption?

Absolutely, Sea Buckthorn is utilized both internally and externally. Topical applications like oils or creams harness its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties for skin health. It aids in treating conditions like eczema, sunburn, or promoting overall skin rejuvenation.

Are there any known symptoms of overdose or excessive use of Sea Buckthorn?

While Sea Buckthorn is generally safe, excessive consumption may lead to potential side effects like gastrointestinal discomfort or diarrhea due to its high content of fatty acids. However, these symptoms typically arise from consuming large quantities beyond recommended doses. Moderation is key, and adhering to recommended dosage guidelines minimizes the risk of adverse effects. Consulting a healthcare provider before consuming larger amounts is prudent, especially for individuals with existing health conditions or those on medications.

What is Sea Buckthorn’s mode of action within the body?

Sea Buckthorn’s mode of action in the body primarily revolves around its rich nutrient profile. It contains omega fatty acids (3, 6, 7, and 9), vitamins (C, E, and K), flavonoids, and antioxidants like quercetin and rutin. These components collectively contribute to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-boosting properties. The omega fatty acids support cardiovascular health and may aid in reducing cholesterol levels. Moreover, the vitamins and antioxidants help in skin health, wound healing, and overall immune function.

Are there any known synergistic effects when combining Sea Buckthorn with specific nutrients?

When combined with certain nutrients, Sea Buckthorn exhibits synergistic effects. For instance, pairing it with vitamin E amplifies its antioxidant potential, boosting skin health and combating oxidative stress. Combining it with omega-3 fatty acids enhances their anti-inflammatory actions, potentially benefiting heart health. The synergies primarily stem from Sea Buckthorn’s diverse nutrient composition complementing and enhancing the effects of other compounds.

Does Sea Buckthorn have a distinct aroma or essential oil that may have therapeutic benefits?

Sea Buckthorn possesses a distinct aroma, derived from its essential oil, which holds therapeutic benefits. The oil emits a fruity, tangy scent, contributing to its use in aromatherapy. This aroma is believed to alleviate stress, uplift mood, and promote relaxation. The essential oil, when used in diffusers or diluted in carrier oils, is valued for its aromatherapeutic effects.

Are there any cultural or historical uses of Sea Buckthorn that should be considered?

Historically, Sea Buckthorn has been used across various cultures for centuries. In traditional Tibetan medicine, it was applied to promote digestion, boost immunity, and aid in wound healing. In Chinese medicine, it was used to alleviate coughs and aid in digestive issues. Additionally, in Russian folk medicine, it was employed to treat various skin conditions and promote overall health.

Does Sea Buckthorn have any spiritual or ceremonial significance in certain traditions?

Regarding spiritual or ceremonial significance, Sea Buckthorn holds symbolic value in certain traditions. In some cultures, it’s associated with vitality, longevity, and protection. Tibetan Buddhism regards it as a sacred plant, often linked to purity and positive energy, sometimes used in rituals or as a protective charm. However, its spiritual significance varies across different cultural contexts.

Are there any variations in Sea Buckthorn’s potency based on its geographic origin?

Variations in Sea Buckthorn’s potency can indeed exist based on its geographic origin. Factors like climate, soil composition, and altitude can influence the plant’s nutrient profile and overall potency. For instance, Sea Buckthorn grown in higher altitudes might have higher concentrations of certain bioactive compounds like flavonoids and antioxidants due to harsher environmental conditions.

Does Sea Buckthorn have a known effect on specific organs or body systems?

Sea Buckthorn demonstrates potential effects on specific organs and body systems. Its rich content of vitamins, particularly vitamins C and E, supports skin health and promotes wound healing. The fruit oil’s omega fatty acids contribute to heart health by potentially reducing cholesterol levels and supporting cardiovascular function. Additionally, its anti-inflammatory properties might benefit gastrointestinal health by soothing mucous membranes.

Are there any known interactions of Sea Buckthorn with commonly prescribed medications?

Regarding interactions with commonly prescribed medications, Sea Buckthorn hasn’t been extensively researched in this area. However, its potential blood-thinning effects due to high levels of omega fatty acids could interact with anticoagulant drugs, potentially increasing the risk of bleeding. Consulting a healthcare professional before using Sea Buckthorn alongside medications is advisable.

What are the potential benefits and risks of long-term or chronic use of Sea Buckthorn?

The long-term or chronic use of Sea Buckthorn may offer several benefits but could also pose risks. Benefits include its potential antioxidant properties, which may help combat oxidative stress, support immune function, and aid in skin health. However, excessive intake might lead to gastrointestinal disturbances or allergic reactions in some individuals. Additionally, the lack of extensive long-term studies calls for caution regarding extended use.

Is cycling on and off Sea Buckthorn advisable to prevent tolerance or dependence?

As for cycling on and off Sea Buckthorn, there’s limited guidance. Cycling off periodically may prevent potential tolerance buildup, ensuring sustained effectiveness. However, evidence regarding tolerance or dependence on Sea Buckthorn is lacking. Consulting a healthcare professional for personalized advice based on individual health conditions is prudent.

Are there any precautions regarding driving or operating machinery while using Sea Buckthorn?

When using Sea Buckthorn, it’s advisable to exercise caution while driving or operating machinery, especially if you experience dizziness or drowsiness. Some individuals might have mild sedative effects due to its calming properties, potentially affecting alertness. However, specific reactions can vary among individuals, so it’s essential to assess personal tolerance before engaging in activities requiring full concentration.

Are there any dietary restrictions or lifestyle changes recommended while using Sea Buckthorn?

Regarding dietary restrictions or lifestyle changes, incorporating Sea Buckthorn into a balanced diet can offer numerous health benefits. However, individuals with specific medical conditions or allergies should consult healthcare professionals before its consumption. For instance, those with existing gastrointestinal issues might need to monitor their intake due to its acidic nature, which could exacerbate certain conditions.

Does Sea Buckthorn have any specific recommendations for addressing common side effects?

Common side effects associated with Sea Buckthorn are generally mild and transient, such as gastrointestinal discomfort or allergic reactions. To address these, it’s advisable to start with small doses and gradually increase intake while monitoring any adverse reactions. Adjusting the consumption method (e.g., mixing with food) or opting for supplements might help minimize discomfort for some individuals.

Are there any known variations or subspecies of Sea Buckthorn with different properties?

Sea Buckthorn comprises multiple species and subspecies, each potentially possessing distinct properties. Variations exist in terms of fruit color, oil content, and nutrient composition among different subspecies. For instance, Hippophae rhamnoides and Hippophae salicifolia are recognized subspecies with varying concentrations of bioactive compounds, offering diverse health benefits.

Does Sea Buckthorn have any documented cases of misuse or abuse?

As for misuse or abuse cases, there’s limited documentation indicating such instances concerning Sea Buckthorn. However, excessive consumption might lead to unwanted side effects due to its high content of certain nutrients. Responsible usage within recommended doses is crucial to avoid any potential adverse effects associated with overconsumption. Always adhere to suggested guidelines and consult healthcare professionals for guidance on appropriate usage.

Is Sea Buckthorn regulated or approved for medicinal use in the United States?

Sea Buckthorn isn’t regulated by the FDA for medicinal purposes in the United States. However, it’s sold as a dietary supplement and often used in traditional medicine. Despite lacking formal FDA approval, it’s available in various forms like oils, capsules, and extracts through different vendors.

Are there any known interactions of Sea Buckthorn when combined with other medicinal herbs?

Sea Buckthorn interactions with other herbs haven’t been extensively studied. It’s advisable to consult a healthcare professional before combining it with other medicinal herbs or supplements, as interactions could potentially occur. Some herbs might amplify or counteract Sea Buckthorn’s effects, necessitating caution.

How does Sea Buckthorn’s preparation or dosage change for acute versus chronic conditions?

Dosage adjustments of Sea Buckthorn for acute versus chronic conditions largely depend on the specific health concern, individual tolerance, and the form of the supplement. Generally, higher doses might be recommended for acute conditions while lower, sustained doses could be suitable for chronic usage. Consulting a healthcare provider is crucial to determine appropriate dosage adjustments.

Are there any known withdrawal symptoms when discontinuing the use of Sea Buckthorn?

Currently, there’s no documented evidence indicating withdrawal symptoms upon discontinuing Sea Buckthorn usage. As it’s primarily used as a supplement rather than a medication, withdrawal effects are not typically associated. However, sudden cessation of any supplement might impact individuals differently, so gradual tapering under guidance may be advisable.

What are the best supplement brands of Sea Buckthorn?

Several reputable supplement brands offer Sea Buckthorn products, ensuring quality and reliability. Nordic Naturals, SeabuckWonders, and Sibu Beauty are among the brands recognized for their quality Sea Buckthorn supplements. However, the ‘best’ brand can vary based on individual preferences, certifications, and specific product formulations. Researching each brand’s reputation and certifications can assist in making an informed choice.

Article References & Sources

At AncientHerbsWisdom, our content relies on reputable sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to substantiate the information presented in our articles. Our primary objective is to ensure our content is thoroughly fact-checked, maintaining a commitment to accuracy, reliability, and trustworthiness.

1. Wang, Z., Zhao, F., Wei, P., Chai, X., Hou, G., & Meng, Q. (2022). Phytochemistry, health benefits, and food applications of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.): A comprehensive review. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1036295 
2. Xu, Y., Kaur, M., Dhillon, R. S., Tappia, P. S., & Dhalla, N. S. (2010). Health benefits of sea buckthorn for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Journal of Functional Foods, 3(1), 2-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2011.01.001
3. Yang B, Kalimo KO, Mattila LM, et al. Effects of dietary supplementation with sea buckthorn (hippophaë  rhamnoides) seed and pulp oils on atopic dermatitis. J Nutr Biochem. 1999;10(11):622-30. doi:10.1016/s0955-2863(99)00049-2
4. Sabir SM, Maqsood H, Hayat I, Khan MQ, Khaliq A. “Elemental and Nutritional Analysis of Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae Rhamnoides Ssp. Turkestanica) Berries of Pakistani Origin. ” J Med Food. 2005 Winter;8(4):518-22. doi:10.1089/jmf.2005.8.518
5. Upadhyay NK, Kumar R, Mandotra SK, et al. Safety and healing efficacy of sea buckthorn (hippophae rhamnoides L.) seed oil on burn wounds in rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2009;47(6):1146-53. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2009.02.002
6. Pundir, S., et al. (2021). Ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and dermatological effects of Hippophae rhamnoides L.: A review [Abstract].
   https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874120333195
7. Ren Z, Gong H, Zhao A, et al. Effect of sea buckthorn on plasma glucose in individuals with impaired glucose regulation: a two-stage randomized crossover intervention study. Foods. 2021;10(4):804. doi:10.3390/foods10040804
8. Hou, D.-D., et al. (2017). Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) oil improves atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions via inhibition of NF-kB and STAT1 activation.
   https://www.karger.com/Article/Fulltext/479528
9. Mortensen MW, Spagner C, Cuparencu C, et al. Sea buckthorn decreases and delays insulin response and improves glycaemic profile following a sucrose-containing berry meal: a randomised, controlled, crossover study of danish sea buckthorn and strawberries in overweight and obese male subjects. Eur J Nutr. 2018;57(8):2827-2837.
10. Larmo, P. S., et al. (2014). Effects of sea buckthorn oil intake on vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
    https://www.maturitas.org/article/S0378-5122(14)00239-4/fulltext
11. Jaśniewska A, Diowksz A. Wide spectrum of active compounds in sea buckthorn (hippophae rhamnoides) for disease prevention and food production. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021;10(8):1279. doi:10.3390/antiox10081279
12. Olas B, Skalski B, Ulanowska K. The anticancer activity of sea buckthorn [elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson]. Front Pharmacol. 2018;9:232. doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.00232
13. Suryakumar G, Gupta A. “Medicinal and Therapeutic Potential of Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.).” J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Nov 18;138(2):268-78. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.09.024
14. Guo X, Yang B, Cai W, e al. Effect of sea buckthorn (hippophae rhamnoides L.) on blood lipid profiles: a systematic review and meta-analysis from 11 independent randomized controlled trials. Trends Food Sci Tech. 2017;61:1-10. doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2016.11.007
15. Zielińska A, Nowak I. Abundance of active ingredients in sea-buckthorn oil. Lipids Health Dis. 2017;16(1):95. doi:10.1186/s12944-017-0469-7
16. Poles J, Karhu E, McGill M, et al. The effects of twenty-four nutrients and phytonutrients on immune system function and inflammation: a narrative review. J Clin Transl Res. 2021;7(3):333-376.
17. Pullar JM, Carr AC, Vissers MCM. The roles of vitamin C in skin health. Nutrients. 2017;9(8):866. doi:10.3390/nu9080866
18. Wani TA, Wani SM, Ahmad M, et al. Bioactive profile, health benefits and safety evaluation of sea buckthorn (hippophae rhamnoides L.): a review. Cogent Food & Agriculture. 2016;2(1):1128519. doi:10.1080/23311932.2015.1128519
19. Upadhyay NK, Kumar MS, Gupta A. Antioxidant, Cytoprotective and Antibacterial Effects of Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae Rhamnoides L.) Leaves Food Chem Toxicol. 2010 Dec;48(12):3443-8. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2010.09.019
20. Islam SU. Clinical uses of probiotics. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(5):e2658. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000002658
21. Leopold, J. A. (2016). Antioxidants and coronary artery disease: From pathophysiology to preventive therapy.
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4315737/
22. Kim MJ, Kim SN, Lee YW, et al. Vitamin D status and efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2016;8(12):789. doi:10.3390/nu8120789
23. Yang B, Kallio HP. “Fatty Acid Composition of Lipids in Sea Buckthorn (Hippophaë Rhamnoides L.) Berries of Different Origins. ” J Agric Food Chem. 2001 Apr;49(4):1939-47. doi:10.1021/jf001059s
24. Schäfer T. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and atopic eczema. Allergol Select. 2017;1(1):44-52. doi:10.5414/ALX01287E
25. Koskovac M, Cupara S, Kipic M, et al. Sea buckthorn oil—a valuable source for cosmeceuticals. Cosmetics. 2017;4(4):40. doi:10.3390/cosmetics4040040
26. Bath-hextall FJ, Jenkinson C, Humphreys R, et al. Dietary supplements for established atopic eczema. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(2):CD005205. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005205.pub3

Valuable Resources

• Sea Buckthorn Health Benefits & Medicinal Uses
• Sea Buckthorn: Uses and Risks
• Sea Buckthorn: Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses, Dose
• Sea Buckthorn benefits, dosage, and side effects
• Sea buckthorn oil